Why aerial photogrammetry is the proper technique for surveying jobs
Every user knows that drones can be useful to take photographs. The accessibility of drone aerial photography has led to their use in many different sectors and produced incredible images. But is it good enough for mapping or surveying job?
The truth is that aerial photographs are not enough to provide the kind of perspective-free, measurable digital images needed for surveying. For that, you’ll need photogrammetry.
What is aerial photography?
Aerial photography describes any photographic image taken with an airborne device. In addition to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs, such as drones, aerial photographs can be captured by a plane or a helicopter. Aerial images are one of the most common forms of remote sensing, or the measurement of the characteristics of a place from a distance, according to the United States Geological Survey.
Photographic images tend to be amongst the most user-friendly ways to share data and have practical applications in multiple industries. They are, however, not enough accurate without being placed in a photogrammetry model and are not recommended for surveying jobs.
Types of aerial photography
While the definition of aerial photography is broad, images tend to fit into either a vertical or an oblique category, according to EnvironmentalScience.org.
Vertical aerial photos are taken from directly above the targeted object. Because of the straight-down setup, vertical photographs have limited perspective issues that could make them harder to draw conclusions from. Vertical photographs can also be taken from greater heights than their oblique counterparts and make it easy to compare photographs of different areas taken from the same heights.
Oblique photographs, meanwhile, are taken at an angle, about 45 degrees but are customizable. Because they don’t offer a straight down perspective, oblique photographs are usually only taken from lower heights, limiting their use in larger surveying projects and ultimately making them best only for uniquely shaped features that can’t be accurately captured with a vertical image. Some of their most common uses include archeology and in some environmental science projects.
Aerial photography vs. satellite imagery
Aerial photography is different from satellite imagery, even though the terms are sometimes used improperly. Aerial photos can be taken by many kind of devices, including drones, and at any height in the air. For a photo to be considered a satellite image, it must come from a device that is orbiting the earth. As a result, satellite images are used only sparingly in the private sector and are most common for scientific research and monitoring the weather.
While both aerial photography and satellite imagery are considered forms of remote sensing, satellites have several additional uses thanks to their unique placement far above the planet, such as identifying temperature changes. Of course, satellite images also have limited practical use for something that is focused on a smaller area or require extremely detailed imaging.
Shortcomings of aerial photography
Aerial photos have long been an instrumental part of many forms of scientific research, and their commercial applications have increased with advancing technology and lower prices on high-quality cameras and UAVs. However, their limitations have made them impractical to use for surveying purposes.
While aerial photography is useful for creating a visual representation of an area, the medium does not provide the kind of accuracy necessary to plot exact coordinates, as is required to survey. Even with a vertical aerial photograph, coordinates can be displaced or distorted, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. Vertical aerial photos also fail to provide accurate information about topography and depth, making fully dependable measurements challenging. Even fully vertical photos will have these issues. For that reason, an aerial photograph alone will only suffice if you don’t need to collect specific measurements.
To make survey-ready maps, you’ll need to add capabilities offered by photogrammetry, or another form of data sensor, such as LiDAR or multispectral.
What is aerial photogrammetry?
While aerial photography can be used to take good overhead images and get a general sense of an area, it lacks the precision necessary for most surveying jobs and doesn’t show topography. For that, you’ll need photogrammetry.
Photogrammetry involves taking multiple images of an area and using them to create digitized high resolution 2D or 3D models from which accurate measurements can be made. Depending on the scope of the project, a model made with photogrammetry may require anywhere from a couple hundred to several thousand of different images.
The basic principles of photogrammetry, such as using multiple perspectives or ‘lines of sight’ to place coordinates, were first developed over 150 years ago, according to GIS Lounge. However, the modeling form has reached new levels of accessibility and use with digital imaging and aerial technology like drones. Before the advent of aerial photography, surveyors used equipment like magnetic compasses, barometers, drawing tables and tape to determine topography, according to Penn State University.
Today, photogrammetry can be conducted with a mix of devices, including drones, planes and helicopters. However, thanks to technological advances and lower price, drones have emerged as the equipment of choice for many surveyors.
Types of aerial photogrammetry
Photogrammetry can be divided into two categories: metric photogrammetry and interpretive photogrammetry. Metric photogrammetry uses coordinate points in an area to visualize an object with near exact measurements. Interpretive photogrammetry, instead, takes a photo and adds topography using indicators like the shapes, shadows and patterns in an image, rather than coordinates. While metric photogrammetry is more precise, interpretive photogrammetry will suffice in many situations. In both cases, a computer program is used to combine images and create an accurate 3D model.
Uses of aerial photogrammetry
Although photogrammetry may add capabilities, it’s only useful for some jobs. Some common areas of use, according to GIS Resources, include:
- Engineering: Drone photogrammetry can be used to create 3-D models of buildings and equipment.
- Construction: Surveying with photogrammetry can reveal information about the land being built on, amongst other uses.
- Land surveying: Surveyors in many different industries rely on photogrammetry when their clients need to understand the topography of a piece of land.
- Real estate: Realtors are using drones to make accurate 3-D models of homes for sale and offer virtual tours. This technique has taken off as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ultimately, aerial photogrammetry is better for surveyors, compared to terrestrial techniques, no matter their industry. Aerial photogrammetry provides more data in less time and allows surveyors to steer clear of dangerous areas while still collecting the information they need. The result is often improved savings for companies. In addition, because photogrammetry depends on digital images, it can be used to create 3D models that are realistic and easily recognizable for easy use with a variety of tasks.
Photogrammetry vs. LiDAR
It’s important to note that photogrammetry is different from LiDAR, or light detection ranging. While photogrammetry relies on identifying coordinates to craft an accurate 3D image, LiDAR builds topography by measuring the amount of time a light wave takes to reflect off the ground and back to a drone camera. This surveying technique is incredibly accurate, but also expensive. Not only is equipment costly but it’s also bulky, meaning drones must be of bigger dimensions.
Whether photogrammetry or LiDAR makes sense for you is dependent on the project. LiDAR is ideal for work sites with bad lighting that could affect the quality of a photographic image. Surveyors working in an area with high vegetation coverage may also prefer LiDAR because it penetrates leaves, branches and trees. Other uses may include projects reliant on ultra-thin features, such as power lines. Ultimately, however, both techniques can be used to build functional, easily applicable 3D models.
Ground sample distance in aerial photography and photogrammetry
To properly scale an aerial photo to use it for photogrammetry, you’ll need to calculate the ground sample distance of the image, or GSD for short. GSD describes the real distance between the centers of two consecutive pixels in an image. In other words, if the GSD is calculated as being one meter, this means that every point on a map is calculated based on that distance. Both aerial photographs and photogrammetry require an accurate GSD, since these photogrammetry maps are also made from multiple digital images.
The GSD you’ll need depends on the scope of the surveying job. projects with a larger scale will require a higher GSD, which means the overall map is less detailed, while projects focused on a smaller area will use a lower GSD. Many surveyors, according to Aerial Survey Base, will select both a target and a minimum GSD. This will allow for the use of images with slight variations in GSD, which happens because of variations in terrain. While allowing a wide range between the target and the minimum can allow for more images to be used, as is especially common for aerial photogrammetry, it does require more computing abilities because of the number of data involved.
To calculate GSD, you’ll need to know your drone’s:
- sensor height and width;
- image height and width;
- focal length;
- flight height
Each of these numbers should be easy to find, depending on your brand of drone. From there, the GSD can be found with either an online calculator or by plugging numbers into an equation.
How do drones support aerial photogrammetry?
When drones are used in photogrammetry time and money are saved compared to classical terrestrial surveying techniques. That means mapping drones are a worthwhile investment for both surveyors and the people who hire them. For a drone to be photogrammetry-capable, it must also be able to take aerial photographs, as photographic images are the basis of the technique.
If you need next-generation mapping, the best one is the Matrice 300 RTK. This drone combines smart features with performance, including six directional sensing and positioning and the ability to mount up to three payloads simultaneously.
In addition to finding a drone with the right capabilities, surveyors looking to use photogrammetry will also need intuitive drone mapping software, like DJI Terra. DJI Terra is an all-in-one drone mapping solution that stitches images together and makes surveying easier. Whether you need a 2D or 3D map, this software can process your data and render accurate images.
While aerial photography has revolutionized scientific research and mapping, you’ll need to add photogrammetry capabilities to get a survey. Photogrammetry is used to create accurate 2D and 3D models with precise coordinates. With an understanding of the technique and drones and software from DJI, no job is too great a challenge.
